Introduction

Human rabies remains an important public health problem in many developing countries. Transmission by dog bites is reported to be responsible for 94% to 98% of human cases. Community-owned dogs live in close proximity with and are widely and positively accepted by the resident population. However, should a rabies outbreak occur, the proximity and previous tolerance of these socialised dogs become a human health issue.

Dog welfare, human rabies, and dog population management (DPM) are inextricably interlinked. New insights may help develop innovative strategies in the fight against the rabies while protecting welfare.

Methods

The current literature was reviewed to evaluate the links between DPM, animal welfare, and human rabies.

Results

It has been postulated that a 70–90% sterilization rate is necessary to maintain stable dog populations. To date, an effective and universally acceptable formula for dealing with free-ranging dogs (FRD) through effective and humane DPM has not been found. Human behaviour is one of the powerful forces influencing dog population dynamics. Responsible pet ownership appears one of the key factors, as it recognises that good dog welfare can result in less aggression, less biting, and thus possibly a reduction in human rabies incidents.

Conclusion

Key issues of DPM, ensuring the welfare of both humans and dogs, should include factors like education, spay and neuter programs and vaccination, involving local authorities and the local community. Only a comprehensive local or regional approach can result in a reduction of the number of human rabies cases.