Abstract

An 11 year old female Pacific walrus (Odobenus rosmarus divergens) demonstrated decreased appetite and ten percent weight loss approximately four weeks following truck transport from a northern California facility to a southern California facility. Initial acclimation to the new facility and staff influenced conservative management. The walrus was treated supportively with oral mineral oil.

With little improvement, a subsequent blood analysis was obtained and demonstrated a leukocytosis of 22,800 white blood cells (WBC)/µl, 2 percent band neutrophils, low iron (58 µg/dL) and mild globulin elevation (4.3 gm/dL). Empiric antibiotic therapy was started with amoxicillin and clavulanic acid (14 mg/kg BID). Initial clinical improvement was observed by staff members; however, over a period of two weeks her appetite decreased again. Over time, multifocal coalescing epidermal patch lesions developed on the dorsum and sacrum. A follow-up blood analysis demonstrated persistent leukocytosis (24,000 WBC/µl) with 4 percent bands and hyperglobulinemia (6.7 gm/dL). Due to relapse of clinical signs on antibiotic therapy, fungal disease was suspected. Fungal diagnostics were performed and aggressive antifungal therapy was initiated with voriconazole (1.8 mg/kg SID).

Fungal immunodiffusion antibody assays were positive for coccidiomycosis; further confirmation was obtained from an outside laboratory (Texas Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Lab) by complement fixation. Voriconazole levels between 2–10 µg/ml were obtained periodically to monitor therapy. Thoracic radiographs and ultrasound were nondiagnostic. Clinical improvement in behavior and appetite was observed with additional weight gain over 3 month's duration.

Acknowledgements

Animal Training staff members from SeaWorld San Diego and Six Flags Discovery Kingdom for their dedication to husbandry training and care.