Prof. Dr. Manu Malbrain1,2, MD, PhD
Administration of intravenous fluids is one of the most frequent therapeutic options in critical care. However, it is about time that fluids should be treated as drugs. A conceptual framework of the 7 Ds is presented with a focus on definitions (fluid status, preload, fluid responsiveness), diagnosis (hypo-, eu-, and hypervolemia, organ and tissue perfusion), drug (type of fluids, indications, contraindications, adverse effects, rate, objectives and limits), dose, duration, de-escalation, and discharge. The four indications for fluid administration will be discussed: resuscitation, maintenance, replacement and nutrition. The four questions: when to start IV fluids, when to stop them, when to start fluid evacuation and when to stop fluid removal. The four phases and the ROSE concept: resuscitation, optimization, stabilization and evacuation. The four hits, the four compartments and much more. It is time for fluid stewardship, defined as a series of coordinated interventions, introduced to select the optimal fluid, dose and duration of therapy that results in the best clinical outcome, prevention of adverse events and cost reduction…