Abstract

The Florida manatee is found naturally along both coasts of Florida extending beyond Florida's borders during the summer months. During the winter months as the water temperature drops below 70°F the population migrates south to warmer waters. Historically with extended periods of cold water exposure juvenile manatees that are either prematurely separated from the mother or newly weaned may present in various stages of illness. Physical exam reveals animals ranging from 196 to 220 cm in length and 115 to 230 kgs in weight. Behaviorally they may be lethargic and depressed. Grossly they are thin to emaciate. Externally there may be a wide range of skin lesions depending on the time of presentation after initial damage and the degree of damage. Folliculitis, pustules, deep dermal erosions, and diffuse deep sloughing may occur. Lesions are often more severe in the facial area and in peripheral sites such as the tail edges and the pectoral flippers. Full thickness skin sloughing may be extensive with large areas of paddle along the edge eventually devitalized and lost. Secondary abscessation may occur in these sites.

Clinical pathologic findings include; dehydration as evidenced by elevated red blood cell parameters, abnormal electrolyte levels, and leukocytosis. Triglyceride and cholesterol levels may also be present. Radiographically there may be evidence of dry hard feces.

Treatment may include environmental manipulation such as increasing water temperatures to 85°F, varying salinity levels and the use of flotation jackets in weak individuals. Sepsis control with antibiotics is essential. External wound disinfection with beta-dyne solution 2 times a day is also recommended. Electrolyte imbalances may range from hyponatremia to hypernatremia and can be controlled by water salinity changes or the addition of salt in the food. Nutritional supplementation is essential and may require tube feeding 2 to 3 times per day with a concentrated formula to meet the increased caloric needs of maintenance, growth, and healing. Constipation may complicate the immediate need for caloric intake so warm water enemas, and mineral oil may be required.