I.  Biology/incidence/behavior

A.  Up to 21% of canine cutaneous tumors

B.  Older dog—7–9 years

C.  Breed predilection—Bulldog descent, Labradors, Staffordshire terriers, beagles, Rhodesian ridgebacks, Weimaraners, Shar-peis, others

D.  Cutaneous, subcutaneous, multiple

E.  Clinical signs

1.  Variable appearance

2.  Wax and wane

3.  Degranulation—local and systemic

II.  Diagnosis—background and controversies

A.  Fine needle aspirate and cytology

B.  Incisional biopsy

C.  Excisional biopsy

III.  Grading—background and controversies

A.  Histopathology

1.  Patnaik (1984)

2.  Kiupel (2011)

B.  Cytologic

1.  Scarpa (2014)

2.  Hergt (2016)

3.  Camus (2016)

C.  MCT prognostic panels

D.  c-KIT, mitotic index, Ki67, AgNOR

IV.  Staging—background and controversies

A.  WHO Staging

B.  Lymph node (LN) assessment

C.  Abdominal ultrasound, organ aspiration

D.  Other

1.  Thoracic radiographs

2.  Bone marrow aspirate

3.  Buffy coat analysis

V.  Treatment—background and controversies

A.  Surgery

1.  Local control

2.  Surgical dose

3.  Surgical margins vs. histopathological margins (HTFM)

B.  Radiation therapy

1.  Definitive fraction courses

a)  Adjunct to surgery

b)  Sole therapy

2.  Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy

3.  Palliative course

C.  Chemotherapy

1.  Lomustine

2.  Vinca-alkaloids

a)  Vinblastine

b)  Vincristine

3.  Prednisolone

4.  Combination

a)  Vinblastine/prednisolone

b)  Vinblastine/lomustine

c)  Vinblastine/lomustine/prednisolone

D.  Tyrosine kinase inhibitors

1.  Toceranib phosphate (Palladia®)

2.  Masitinib mesylate (Masivet in Europe)

E.  Other therapies

1.  Electrochemotherapy

2.  Intratumoral therapy

a)  Corticosteroids

b)  Others

3.  Other local therapy